Approximately 160 leading experts from academic institutions, donor agencies, international organizations, and NGOs met in Helsinki on 16 and 17 June 2006 at the above major conference to present papers and discuss the current challenges of aid. Plenary speakers included Paul Collier (University of Oxford), William Easterly (New York University), Patrick Guillaumont (Universite d’Auvergne), Peter Heller (IMF), Helen Milner (Princeton University), Gustav Ranis (Yale University), Finn Tarp (University of Copenhagen), and Adrian Wood (University of Oxford).Target audiences included policymakers in the donor community, the UN system, policymakers in the developing world and the aid-recipient community, academics working in this area both in the North and South as well as NGOs and aid practitioners.