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Annual Report 2022 Cover

UNU-WIDER 2022 Annual Report is released

2022 was a key year in the UNU-WIDER 2019–2023 work programme, with great achievements made possible through our partnerships and collaborations Read more in the 2022 Annual Report.
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The Job Ladder: Transforming informal work and livelihoods in developing countries

NEW BOOK - Available now on Open Access. Providing a nuanced view of informality across a range of developing economies using a common conceptual framework.
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UNU-WIDER's LDC5 Conference Exhibition

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73 UNU-WIDER articles, publications, projects, experts...

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  • (-) Income inequality
Working Paper
Gender and the South African labour market

This paper has three primary objectives. First, it provides a broad overview of the available South African data used to examine gender in the labour market, with specific reference to the South African Revenue Services (SARS) tax data which has...

  • Administrative data
  • Employment
  • Gender
Working Paper
The distributional impact of structural transformation in rural India

The North Indian village of Palanpur has been the subject of close study over a period of six decades from 1957/8 to 2015. Himanshu et al. (2018) have documented the evolution of the village economy over this period in an exhaustive study entitled...

  • Income inequality
  • Non-farm employment
  • Poverty
Policy Brief
Inequality dynamics in China

In the late 1970s, China embarked on a major programme of economic transition and reform. Since then, China’s economy has been transformed from a socialist planned economy to a predominately market economy characterized by a combination of state...

  • Welfare policy
  • Social protection
  • Income inequality
Blog
Inequality: Driving forces and policy solutions
by Carlos Gradín, Miguel Niño-Zarazúa May 2019

The many faces of inequality Measuring inequality isn’t as simple as it may seem. We know that since the 1970s global inequality has been falling in...

  • Global inequality
  • WIID
  • Income inequality
Research Brief
The missing billionaires
  • Top incomes
  • Income inequality
  • Taxation
Research Brief
Inequality in rural India
  • Income inequality
  • Non-farm employment
  • Poverty
Research Brief
Wage inequality in urban China
  • Wages
  • Income inequality
  • Wage growth
Working Paper
The wage-setting power of firms

Using administrative tax records from South Africa for the period 2011–14, I find that firm wage premia explain 25 per cent of the total wage variance, 60 per cent of the gender wage gap, and 40 per cent of the gap between workers in the middle and...

  • Discrimination
  • Firm effects
  • Income inequality
Policy Brief
Inequality in Brazil

After three decades of persistently high inequality, Brazil has been experiencing a downward trend since 2001, accompanied by a rise in household incomes. These trends lasted until 2014 when a major reversal took place on both fronts. Since the 1970s...

  • Income inequality
  • Fiscal redistribution
  • Household income
Policy Brief
Reducing inequalities in South Africa

South Africa has the highest rate of measured inequality in the world. Often thought to be a legacy of the apartheid system, inequality in South Africa has stubbornly persisted. South Africa’s position as highest inequality country in the world has...

  • Earnings
  • Personal income tax
  • Survey data
Working Paper
How do human rights violations affect poverty and income distribution?

The goal of this paper is to examine the impact of human rights on income distribution and poverty by exploring how both aid and trade can influence poverty and income distribution through human rights. The analysis employs data for 125 countries and...

  • Human rights
  • Income inequality
  • Poverty
Journal Article
Skills, personality traits, and gender wage gaps

We use a recent first-hand linked employer–employee survey covering the formal sector of Bangladesh to explain gender wage gaps by the inclusion of measures of cognitive attainment and personality traits. Our results show that cognitive skills have...

  • Gender gap
  • Income inequality
  • Cognitive ability
Working Paper
Fiscal redistribution in Brazil

This paper assesses causes and consequences of fiscal redistribution in Brazil. The framework proposed allows evaluating in an integrated manner the impacts of government-sponsored actions in inequality and mean income changes on social welfare...

  • Redistribution
  • Fiscal redistribution
  • Income inequality
Working Paper
Income under-reporting and tax evasion

Personal income tax is attracting more attention from the Vietnamese government, which has been looking for a way to reinforce its budget revenue. Although this tax plays an increasing role, representing 7.3 per cent of the revenue expected in 2018...

  • Income inequality
  • Income under-reporting
  • Permanent income
Working Paper
The long-term evolution of income inequality and poverty in China

By using the five waves of the China Household Income Project surveys conducted during 1988–2013, this paper investigates long-term changes in income inequality and poverty in China. Income inequality rose before 2007 and then fell by a small amount...

  • Income inequality
  • Poverty
  • Gini decomposition
Working Paper
The distributional impact of tax and benefit systems in six African countries

This paper assesses the effects of public policies on income taxes and benefits in six African countries. The comparative analysis focuses on the distribution and composition of incomes and assesses the effect of these policies on inequality and...

  • Tax-benefit microsimulation
  • Poverty
  • Income inequality
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