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A textured white wall with thin, green vines emerging from a crack on the left and climbing from the bottom right, conveying resilience and growth.

Green industrialization and inclusive growth in a fractured world order

WIDER Development Conference, 18–20 March 2026, New Delhi, India
Vertical gold lines cascade down, creating a vibrant pattern. The warm tones and glowing highlights evoke a sense of luxury and dynamic energy. Photo by Rene Böhmer on Unsplash

Gross- versus net-basis taxation evidence for the UN Tax Convention negotiations

Hong Kong

2026 Jobs and Development Conference

9–10 October 2026 in Hong Kong, China | The conference brings together researchers, policymakers, and practitioners from around the world to discuss the latest insights on jobs, labour markets, and inclusive development.
A partially open laptop glows with vibrant orange and blue light from its screen, reflecting off the keyboard. The tone is modern and futuristic.

Secure research data labs: unlocking evidence-based policy in Africa through data

UNU-WIDER is working with national revenue authorities across sub-Saharan Africa to establish secure research data labs.

UNU-WIDER welcomes G20 report on global inequality

As the custodian of the World Income Inequality Database (WIID), UNU-WIDER considers the G20 global inequality report a timely and essential contribution to the global policy discussions on inequality.
Patricia Justino pictured in Helsinki, Finland.

Professor Patricia Justino Appointed as Next Director of UNU-WIDER

Cambridge Elements Development Economics

4 Elements expected in January 2026

Trade in Tasks, Gender Economics in the Global South, Developmental Dilemmas, and Varieties of Peripheral Growth Models

23 UNU-WIDER articles, publications, projects, experts...

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  • Blog
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  • (-) Discrimination
Journal Article
Discrimination, Social Capital, and Financial Constraints
– The Case of Viet Nam

This paper examines the relationship among gender, social capital, and access to finance of micro, small, and medium enterprises in the manufacturing sector in Viet Nam. Our dataset is from the 2011, 2013, and 2015 results of the Micro, Small, and...

  • Entrepreneurship
  • Financial constraints
  • Gender
Project
Disadvantaged groups and social mobility

Theme: 2014-15

This project has three main objectives in line with UNU-WIDER’s tradition in the area of inclusion and horizontal inequality: (1) to shed further light on the extent to which inequalities run along ethnic, gender, and other communal lines; (2) to...

  • Disadvantaged groups
  • Social mobility
  • Group-based inequality
Presentation
ASREC Europe 2016

The Association for the Study of Religion, Economics and Culture (ASREC) held a conference at the University of Copenhagen on 16-17 May 2016.

Mon, 16 May 2016 – Tue, 17 May 2016
Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, Building 26, Copenhagen, Denmark
Past event
Project
Discrimination and affirmative action - what have we learnt so far?

Theme: 2014-15

  • Discrimination
  • Class
  • Inequality
Working Paper
Discrimination, social capital, and financial constraints
– The case of Vietnam

This paper examines the relationship between gender, social capital, and access to finance of micro, small, and medium enterprises in the manufacturing sector in Vietnam. Our dataset is from the 2011, 2013, and 2015 waves of the Micro, Small, and...

  • Entrepreneurship
  • Financial constraints
  • Gender
Blog
Affirmative action policies and South Africa’s racial wage gap
Placeholder
by James Stewart March 2017

Racial wage inequality and discrimination have pervaded South African society for centuries. Apartheid legislation cemented these disparities by...

  • Affirmative action
  • Discrimination
  • Apartheid
Working Paper
Behind the numbers: exploring caste inequities in entrepreneurial success

The documented under-representation of marginalized groups in business ownership and the labour market is a concerning issue. This study explores how caste disparities in small-firm entrepreneurship impact on firm performance in India, focusing on...

  • Caste
  • Productivity gap
  • Informal sector
Working Paper
Gender differences in formal wage employment in urban Tanzania

This paper uses the latest Tanzania labour force survey—the Integrated Labour Force Survey—and a censored bivariate probit model to analyse gender differences in labour force participation and gender bias in formal wage employment in urban Tanzania...

  • Labour force participation
  • Formal
  • Regression analysis
Book Chapter
Social mobility and horizontal inequality

Part of Book Social Mobility in Developing Countries

  • Social mobility
  • Horizontal inequality
  • Ethnic inequality
Working Paper
Intergroup contact and its effects on discriminatory attitudes
– Evidence from India

The contact hypothesis posits that having diverse neighbours may reduce one’s intergroup prejudice. This hypothesis is difficult to test as individuals self-select into neighbourhoods. Using a slum relocation programme in India that randomly assigned...

  • Caste
  • Slums
  • India
Working Paper
Fiscal policy, labour market, and inequality
– Diagnosing South Africa's anomalies in the shadow of racial discrimination

Inequality in South Africa is the enduring legacy of racial discrimination. We use a dynamic perspective to show the linkages between persistent effects of discrimination in the labour market and the efficacy of redistributive fiscal policy in...

  • Inequality
  • Discrimination
  • Job search
Working Paper
The wage-setting power of firms
– Rent-sharing and monopsony in South Africa

Using administrative tax records from South Africa for the period 2011–14, I find that firm wage premia explain 25 per cent of the total wage variance, 60 per cent of the gender wage gap, and 40 per cent of the gap between workers in the middle and...

  • Discrimination
  • Firm effects
  • Income inequality
Working Paper
Distributional changes in the gender wage gap in the post-apartheid South African labour market

This paper investigates the evolution of the gender wage gap in South Africa, using the 1993–2015 Post-Apartheid Labour Market Series data set. The changes in the gap are heterogeneous across the wage distribution. There has been a substantial...

  • Labour force participation
  • Gender gap
  • Wage gap
Research Brief
The gender wage gap in post-apartheid South Africa

The World Bank reports that the world loses US$160 trillion in human capital wealth due to gender wage inequality every year. Inequality is not just an issue of fairness. It is also undesirable because it hampers poverty reduction strategies and...

  • Labour force participation
  • Gender gap
  • Wage gap
Working Paper
Social mobility and inequality between groups

The relationship between social mobility and inequality is well studied in the literature, but far greater attention has been paid to ‘vertical’ than to ‘horizontal’ inequality. This paper focuses on mobility and horizontal inequality between ethnic...

  • Social mobility
  • Horizontal inequality
  • Ethnic inequality
Policy Brief
Toward gender equity and women’s empowerment

There are three main channels of women’s empowerment: legal or policy reforms, outside economic opportunities, and collective action. Legal (or policy) reforms are generally based on statutory laws that enact rules to be followed or prohibit certain...

  • Gender
  • Equality
  • Discrimination
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